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For the same reasons that explorers of the early twentieth century strove to reach the poles, and their modern counterparts journey to outer space, most people want to visualize the contours of the human experience - the peaks of adaptive success that led to the expansion of civilization, and the troughs in which human presence ebbed. The Backbone of History defines the emerging field of macrobioarchaeology by gathering skeletal evidence on seven basic indicators of health to assess chronic conditions that affected individuals who lived in the Western Hemisphere from 5000 BC to the late nineteenth century. Signs of biological stress in childhood and of degeneration in joints and in teeth increased in the several millennia before the arrival of Columbus as populations moved into less healthy ecological environments. Thus, pre-Colombian Native Americans were among the healthiest and the least healthy groups to live in the Western Hemisphere before the twentieth century.

European Americans --- African Americans --- Human remains (Archaeology) --- Indians --- Health and hygiene --- History --- Food --- America --- Antiquities --- Congresses --- Aborigines, American --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- Amerindians --- Amerinds --- Pre-Columbian Indians --- Precolumbian Indians --- Ethnology --- Skeletal remains (Archaeology) --- Human skeleton --- Primate remains (Archaeology) --- Europeans --- Whites --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Blacks --- Civilization --- Americas --- New World --- Western Hemisphere --- Bioarchaeology --- Indigenous peoples --- Black people --- White people --- Arts and Humanities --- #A0507HI

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This book examines ways of conserving, managing, and interacting with plant and animal resources by Native American cultural groups of the Pacific Coast of North America, from Alaska to California. These practices helped them maintain and restore ecological balance for thousands of years. Building upon the authors and others previous works, the book brings in perspectives from ethnography and marine evolutionary ecology. The core of the book consists of Native American testimony: myths, tales, speeches, and other texts, which are treated from an ecological viewpoint. The focus on animals and in-depth research on stories, especially early recordings of texts, set this book apart. The book is divided into two parts, covering the Northwest Coast, and California. It then follows the division in lifestyle between groups dependent largely on fish and largely on seed crops. It discusses how the survival of these cultures functions in the contemporary world, as First Nations demand recognition and restoration of their ancestral rights and resource management practices.

Human ecology --- Indians of North America --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Ecology --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- Culture --- Ethnology --- Social aspects --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- Human ecology. --- Indians of North America.

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Paleo-Indians --- Ethnoarchaeology --- Indiens du paléolithique --- Ethnoarchéologie --- Argentina --- Santa Cruz (Argentina : Province) --- Argentine --- Santa Cruz (Argentine : Province) --- Antiquities. --- Antiquities --- Antiquités --- -Ethnoarchaeology --- -Paleo-Indians --- -Ethnic archaeology --- Ethnicity in archaeology --- Ethnology in archaeology --- Archaeology --- Ethnology --- Social archaeology --- Paleo-Americans --- Paleo-Amerinds --- Paleoamericans --- Paleoamerinds --- Paleoindians --- Stone age --- Indians --- Prehistoric peoples --- Methodology --- -Antiquities. --- -Argentina --- Indiens du paléolithique --- Ethnoarchéologie --- Antiquités --- Ethnic archaeology --- Santa Cruz, Argentine Republic (Province) --- Steenindustrie (Prehistorische). Patagonië. --- Patagonie. Préhistoire. --- Pierres. Industrie préhistorique. Patagonie. --- Patagonië. Prehistorie.

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Indians of North America --- -Pueblo Indians --- -Indians of North America --- -Excavations (Archaeology) --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Anthropometry --- Mortuary customs --- Funeral customs and rites --- Culture --- Ethnology --- Henderson Site (N.M.) --- New Mexico --- Antiquities. --- Antiquities --- Special issues --- -Anthropometry --- -American aborigines --- Nouveau mexique (etats-unis) --- Pecos valley (etats-unis) --- Homme prehistorique --- Archeologie

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Paleo-Indians --- Projectile points --- Stone implements --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Implements --- Ontario, Southwestern --- Ontario (Sud-Ouest) --- Antiquities. --- Antiquités --- Antiquities --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Antiquités --- Points, Projectile --- Projectile heads --- Weapons --- Flint implements --- Lithic implements --- Implements, utensils, etc. --- Debitage --- Paleo-Americans --- Paleo-Amerinds --- Paleoamericans --- Paleoamerinds --- Paleoindians --- Stone age --- Indians --- Prehistoric peoples --- Archaeological digs --- Archaeological excavations --- Digs (Archaeology) --- Excavation sites (Archaeology) --- Ruins --- Sites, Excavation (Archaeology) --- Archaeology --- Southwestern Ontario --- Paleo-Indians - Implements - Ontario, Southwestern --- Projectile points - Ontario, Southwestern --- Stone implements - Ontario, Southwestern --- Excavations (Archaeology) - Ontario, Southwestern --- Ontario, Southwestern - Antiquities